What the internet looks like to users in the U.S. can be quite different from the online experience of people in other countries. Some of those variations are due to government censorship of online services, which is a significant threat to internet freedom worldwide. But private companies – many based in the U.S. – are also building obstacles to users from around the world who want to freely explore the internet.

   Website operators and internet traffic managers often choose to deny access to users based on their location. Users from certain countries can’t visit certain websites – not because their governments say so, or because their employers want them to focus on work, but because a corporation halfway around the world has made a decision to deny them access.

   This geoblocking, as it’s called, is not always nefarious. U.S. companies may block traffic from certain countries to comply with federal economic sanctions. Shopping websites might choose not to have visitors from countries they don’t ship goods to. Media sites might not be able to comply with other nations’ privacy laws. But other times it’s out of convenience, or laziness: It may be easier to stop hacking attempts from a country by blocking every user from that country, rather than increasing security of vulnerable systems.

   Whatever its justifications, this blocking is increasing on all kinds of websites and is affecting users from almost every country in the world. Geoblocking cuts people off from global markets and international communications just as effectively as government censorship. And it creates a more splintered internet, where each country has its own bubble of content and services, rather than sharing a global commons of information and interconnection.

Measuring geoblocking globally

 When a website blocks access, it sometimes delivers a notice saying so. 

   As a team of internet freedom researchers, my colleagues and I investigated the mechanics of geoblocking, including where geoblocking is happening, what content was being blocked and how websites were practicing geoblocking.

   We used a service called Luminati, which provides researchers remote, automated access to residential internet connections around the world. Our automated system used those connections to see what more than 14,000 sites look like from 177 countries, and compared the results in each country.

   Websites that didn’t block traffic typically served us a large file providing rich internet content, including text, images and video. Websites that were blocked usually delivered just a short notice saying that access was denied because of the visitor’s location. When the same website delivered a large file to an address in one country and a very short one to another, we knew we had a good chance of finding that the site was conducted geoblocking.

   We found that the internet does indeed look very different depending on where you’re connecting from. Users in countries under U.S. sanctions – Iran, Syria, Sudan and Cuba – had access to significantly fewer websites than in other countries. People in China and Russia faced similar restrictions, though not as many. Some countries are less affected, but of the 177 countries we studied, every one – except the Seychelles – was subjected to at least some geoblocking, including the U.S.

   Shopping websites were the most likely to geoblock, perhaps because of economic sanctions or more straightforward business reasons. But some websites hosting news and educational resources chose to block users from specific countries, limiting those people’s access to outside information and perspectives.

The role of internet middlemen

   We also found that many websites are taking advantage of geoblocking services provided by their hosting companies and online middleman firms called content delivery networks. These companies operate systems that preload web content at key locations around the world to speed service to nearby internet users, so an Australian looking for an article in the Washington Post doesn’t have to wait for the request to travel halfway around the world and back. With a content delivery network, there’s already an up-to-date electronic copy of the Washington Post stored in, say, Sydney.

When a website blocks access, it sometimes delivers a notice saying so

   Many content delivery network services include a dashboard where a site administrator can easily select which countries to deliver the website’s information to – and which ones to block. Content delivery networks in general are a lot cheaper than they used to be, which means more and more website operators are getting their hands on simple geoblocking tools.

   In fact, based on data that were provided to us by Cloudflare, one of the world’s largest content delivery networks, this trend is only increasing. As of August 2018, more than 37 percent of Cloudflare’s large-business customers block their website in at least one country.

   Sometimes an unavailable website is merely an inconvenience – I can’t order my Irish friends a pizza from the U.S., for example. Other times geoblocking can really cause problems. We encountered an Iranian student who couldn’t apply to graduate school abroad because the admissions website wouldn’t accept payment of the application fee from Iran. Another person may be unable to read the news from a major international city, or plan a trip abroad because travel websites are all unavailable from their home.

Geoblocking is ineffective

   Restricting access based on geography is unlikely to affect all internet users equally. As when evading censorship, getting around a geoblock isn’t necessarily difficult. But it might be expensive, expose users to additional tracking of their online activity, or require a level of technical literacy that not everyone has. Even if a user can ultimately access the content they were originally denied, they may bear a significant burden to gain access to the wider internet.

   It’s also not easy – or necessarily accurate – to identify an internet user’s physical location. Using a computer’s numeric IP address to estimate where in the world it’s being used is notoriously unreliable. At least some users are likely being unfairly denied access to online services because their network address is determined to be somewhere they are not. However, rather than expanding the accessibility and accuracy of geoblocking, our group is encouraging researchers to address the needs of websites while maintaining as open an access policy as possible.

   The internet has indelibly changed the world and the way people connect and do business. Researchers are working hard to keep this valuable resource available to everyone. Companies shouldn’t thwart those efforts by discriminating against users only because of where they are when they connect.

 -- The Conversation

 

 

 

UPDATE

see here:

 

Internet Censorship 2022: A Global Map of Internet Restrictions

 

Flashback:

After February 21, 2003, seven groups of foreign tourists of different nationalities, totalling 31 people, disappeared in southeastern Algeria. Most of them were Germans or German speaking individuals, and many were experienced in desert travel and well equipped.

On August 20 2003, the captives returned home after having been freed by their abductors, a militant Islamic group operating in southern Algeria. The following article, first published by Deutsche Rundschau in 2003,  offered an alternative hypothesis for the mysterious abduction which may appear far fetched and surreal. But in the central Sahara mirages are rather commonplace.

 

   It all began in 1919 in Upper Silesia's rust belt where a special military unit, the Industrieschutz Oberschlesien, had been formed by the Germans in order to defend Europe's largest coal and steel industry against Poles and the French occupation force. A plebiscite took place in 1921, organized on the German side by Hans Lukaschek and Carl Ulitzka on behalf of Deutscher Schutzbund, a Berlin-based non-governmental organization. Thanks to the Industrieschutz' efforts to prevent Polish voters from infiltrating Upper Silesia, and to clever busing of German voters returning from the Rhineland, Germany won the plebiscite with 60 percent of the vote, and the special unit was subsequently transferred to other "sensitive" locations.

   In 1938, the special unit, now called Deutsche Kompanie and kept under the command of the Abwehr secret service, was relocated to Brandenburg near Berlin, and the unit was henceforth called the "Brandenburgers," one of the least known German elite troops in World War II.

   Their assignment was covert, clandestine action. For their commando activities in eastern Europe and the Balkans, ethnic Germans — Volksdeutsche — from the respective countries were enlisted who after extensive training at Brandenburg entered their area of operations in local garb, speaking local dialects, and being for all practical purposes unrecognizable among their host population.

   These teams performed very successfully. Therefore a special unit called Brandenburger Tropeneinheit was established for Hitler's African projects and arrived in North Africa in June 1941. These men, some of them former members of the French Foreign Legion, spoke English, French and Arabic. Their first job was to perform reconnaissance for Rommel's Afrika-Korps. Later, commandoes were sent to Cairo and to Assiut in central Egypt where their leaders met with Anwar El-Sadat — the later President of Egypt — who promised to help instigate an Arab rebellion against the British which, however, never happened.

   In July of 1942, Leutnant von Leipzig started the ambitious Unternehmen Dora as a reconnaissance operation in what is today Niger and Chad to determine how the important Allied supply route between the Gulf of Guinea and Port Sudan on the Red Sea could be interrupted. One of Leipzig's teams arrived in the Tassili n'Ajjer mountain region of southeastern Algeria, established a camp there, terrified the (free) French troops, and withdrew to Libya after a skirmish with the dumbfounded French who did not know how to deal with strange soldiers in French uniforms who spoke fluent French.

   Von Leipzig's second group, about 30 men under the command of Corporal (Feldwebel) Stegmann moved south to the Tibesti mountains in what is now northern Chad, with the objective to proceed to Lake Chad and disturb the French. With the help of the Tibbu bedouin who hated the French, Stegmann succeeded in occupying the ancient caravan town of Bardai in the northern foothills of the Tibesti.

   Shortly after overpowering the small French garrison, news came that a large French contingent was on the way to Barzai, and Stegmann decided to return to Libya where all Brandenburger teams were summoned by Rommel.

   After the battle of Al-Alamein, all Brandenburgers in Africa were captured by the British. This is the end of official history.

   But there were still a few Brandenburgers who had been lost sight of.

   Stabsgefreiter Besemer noted in his diary:

   "When Feldwebel Stegmann decided to return to Marzuq (in Libya, ed.) we were dumbfounded. There we were, in the heart of Africa, surrounded by friendly tribespeople who urged us to stay on and help them fight the French. Since the days of Leo Frobenius no German had set foot here; we were looked upon as half gods (Halbgoetter, ed.).

   We were perfectly well organized. We had a few British Bedford lorries, Norton motorcycles and other captured vehicles, our own arms and the guns taken from the French at Barzai. Petrol arrived in barrels on camel back from Faya Lardeau; food was abundant, and we still had quite a stock of pastis and red wine supplied by the French, plus their horrible cigarettes.

   When Stegmann decided to withdraw rather than face the French, several of us protested. Why not hide in the mountains, burying our German uniforms and dressing in local costumes? Our outpost would be invaluable once Rommel had defeated Colonel Stirling and General Alexander and could send the three divisions necessary to occupy the western Sudan, as Stegmann had calculated.

   From our base in the Tibesti we would be able to undertake reconnaissance missions to Khartoum, to Ndjamena and Moundou — thus exploring the central part of the Allied trade and supply route.

   Stegmann was not swayed by our arguments. But he decided that those who volunteered to stay should stay on and follow their own strategy until the Afrika-Korps would expand southbound and catch up with us. That is why eleven of us decided to remain here and establish our camp in the Tibesti."

   The course of events, however, did not match Besemer's expectations. Stegmann returned to the Cyrenaica, Rommel was defeated, and the German presence in North Africa came to a sudden end. Besemer and his men found themselves lost and isolated in the Tibesti mountains of the central Sahara desert with nowhere to go. Give themselves up to the French or to the British in Sudan? Facing detainment possibly as unprotected irregulars and perhaps later — under the best of circumstances — returning to a devastated Germany which for some of them was not even their home country, anyway?

   They decided to stay on in their rather comfortable cave dwellings in the Tibesti, passing for Arabs from one of those coastal Libyan tribes whose men are red-haired, blue-eyed and freckled. They loved hunting, taking local women, trading with the Peul and Tibbu in arms, animals, technical gear and — occasionally — slave children on their way from the South to the markets in Dongola and Omdurman. Their trusty old Wehrmacht radios worked fine, and replacement P800 and P2000 valves were easy to find.

   The years passed. In the 1950s, a German illustrated magazine (was it Quick or Deutsche Illustrierte?) published a reportage on members of the German Tibesti colony seen shopping in Khartoum. Since then, their traces have been covered by quicksand. But that does not mean they have vanished.

   As years became decades, things changed considerably for the tiny German colony. A new generation of Arabic, French and Tedaga (a local language) speaking children grew up, taking business and defence over from their fathers who, however, were successful in maintaining German discipline, culture and — to some extent — language in the colony. In practice, the boys learned to speak and read German whereas the girls were allowed "to go native."

   In 1964, the Tibesti had ceased to be part of the French military administration of Equatorial Africa. It came nominally under Chadian sovereignty. From the 1980s onward, the idyllic life in the Tibesti was disrupted by warfare. Libya's Ghaddafi occupied the Aouzou strip north of the Tibesti which had always been claimed by Libya. However, the French — in support of the Chad government — drove the Libyans out. As the main result of warfare, both sides had buried thousands of land mines along the roads and caravan paths through and around the Tibesti.

   This fact brought two different results for the German colony: as travel had become extremely hazardous, the scarce Tibesti population was largely left alone and protected from tourism and government military; however, trade was badly affected by the mine scare. In the late 1990s, the Tibesti region rebelled against the N'Djamena government but the rebel leader, Youssouf Togoimi, was badly wounded by a land mine and died in a Libyan hospital.

   As a consequence of hardship and insecurity during past decades, many of the pastoral people in the Tibesti region had migrated south and to the more developed area around Lake Chad. The small German colony was hence threatened by shortage of labour and supplies.

   The membership of the colony itself which had once been growing due to large numbers of children, started to shrink as many of the young people left their relatively comfortable but desperately isolated Shangri La in search of modern life and fellow humans.

   At this point, we surmise, the project arose of recruiting new German members for the colony. Since, for obvious reasons, it was not possible to advertise job openings in German media, the elders decided to engage young Germans and other German speakers already available nearby: tourists.

   They are crossing the Sahara in scores every year along paved roads and the established caravan routes of southeastern Algeria where they could easily be abducted and taken along the Niger-Libya border line to the Tibesti. After all, the distance between Tamanrasset or the Tassili and the Tibesti is not longer than between the Tibesti and Khartoum, for instance.

   Hardly anybody searching for lost tourists in Algeria would suspect that they might have been moved across two borders into Chad. And yet, for a determined and knowledgeable crew of kidnappers with a history of covert operations that would not seem an impossible task.

Ihsan al-Tawil

 

Hi there !

If you are still holding on to your German desert kingdom in the Tibesti please drop us a line to

           germanpages(at)yahoo.com

We'll keep your message strictly confidential !

Cheers,

Ihsan

   At the age of 14, a young Donald Watson watched as a terrified pig was slaughtered on his family farm. In the British boy’s eyes, the screaming pig was being murdered. Watson stopped eating meat and eventually gave up dairy as well.

   Later, as an adult in 1944, Watson realized that other people shared his interest in a plant-only diet. And thus veganism – a term he coined – was born.

   Flash-forward to today, and Watson’s legacy ripples through our culture. Even though only 3 percent of Americans actually identify as vegan, most people seem to have an unusually strong opinion about these fringe foodies – one way or the other.

   As a behavioral scientist with a strong interest in consumer food movements, I thought November – World Vegan Month – would be a good time to explore why people become vegans, why they can inspire so much irritation and why many of us meat-eaters may soon join their ranks.

It’s an ideology not a choice

   Like other alternative food movements such as locavorism, veganism arises from a belief structure that guides daily eating decisions.

   They aren’t simply moral high-grounders. Vegans do believe it’s moral to avoid animal products, but they also believe it’s healthier and better for the environment.

   Also, just like Donald Watson’s story, veganism is rooted in early life experiences.

   Psychologists recently discovered that having a larger variety of pets as a child increases tendencies to avoid eating meat as an adult. Growing up with different sorts of pets increases concern for how animals are treated more generally.

   Thus, when a friend opts for Tofurky this holiday season, rather than one of the 45 millionturkeys consumed for Thanksgiving, his decision isn’t just a high-minded choice. It arises from beliefs that are deeply held and hard to change.

Veganism as a symbolic threat

   That doesn’t mean your faux-turkey loving friend won’t seem annoying if you’re a meat-eater.

   The late celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain famously quipped that meat avoiders “are the enemy of everything good and decent in the human spirit.”

   Why do some people find vegans so irritating? In fact, it might be more about “us” than them.

   Most Americans think meat is an important part of a healthy diet. The government recommends eating 2-3 portions (5-6 ounces) per day of everything from bison to sea bass. As tribal humans, we naturally form biases against individuals who challenge our way of life, and because veganism runs counter to how we typically approach food, vegans feel threatening.

   Humans respond to feelings of threat by derogating outgroups. Two out of 3 vegans experience discrimination daily, 1 in 4 report losing friends after “coming out” as vegan, and 1 in 10 believe being vegan cost them a job.

   Veganism can be hard on a person’s sex life, too. Recent research finds that the more someone enjoys eating meat, the less likely they are to swipe right on a vegan. Also, women find men who are vegan less attractive than those who eat meat, as meat-eating seems masculine.

Crossing the vegan divide

   It may be no surprise that being a vegan is tough, but meat-eaters and meat-abstainers probably have more in common than they might think.

   Vegans are foremost focused on healthy eatingSix out of 10 Americans want their meals to be healthier, and research shows that plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk for heart disease, certain cancers, and Type 2 diabetes.

   It may not be surprising, then, that 1 in 10 Americans are pursuing a mostly veggie diet. That number is higher among younger generations, suggesting that the long-term trend might be moving away from meat consumption.

   In addition, several factors will make meat more costly in the near future.

   Meat production accounts for as much as 15 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions, and clear-cutting for pasture land destroys 6.7 million acres of tropical forest per year. While some debate exists on the actual figures, it is clear that meat emits more than plants, and population growth is increasing demand for quality protein.

   Seizing the opportunity, scientists have innovated new forms of plant-based meats that have proven to be appealing even to meat-eaters. The distributor of Beyond Meat’s plant-based patties says 86 percent of its customers are meat-eaters. It is rumored that this California-based vegan company will soon be publicly traded on Wall Street.

   Even more astonishing, the science behind lab-grown, “cultured tissue” meat is improving. It used to cost more than $250,000 to produce a single lab-grown hamburger patty. Technological improvements by Dutch company Mosa Meat have reduced the cost to $10 per burger.

Watson’s legacy

   Even during the holiday season, when meats like turkey and ham take center stage at family feasts, there’s a growing push to promote meatless eating.

   London, for example, will host its first-ever “zero waste” Christmas market this year featuring vegan food vendors. Donald Watson, who was born just four hours north of London, would be proud.

   Watson, who died in 2006 at the ripe old age of 95, outlived most of his critics. This may give quiet resolve to vegans as they brave our meat-loving world.

 -- The Conversation

 

   Emmanuel Macron ist ein unglaublicher Glücksfall für Europa. Dass die Franzosen einen Präsidenten gewählt haben, der als Nachfolger von Robert Schuman und Jacques Delors das Projekt Europa nicht nur retten, sondern einen grossen Schritt voran bringen will, bietet den Europäern ein historisches Zeitfenster, das sie nützen oder versäumen können. Begreift der Kontinent denn nicht, wie einmalig und möglicherweise kurz die Chance ist, dass ein Pro-Europäer Frankreich in einer Zeit regiert, in der Populisten und Souvrainisten unterschiedlicher Couleur sich bemühen, das Projekt Europa zu torpedieren?

   Schon scheinen die Franzosen zu bereuen, dass sie Macron gewählt haben. Gerade deshalb ist es dringend notwendig, ihm europapolitische Erfolge zu verschaffen, die die Grande Nation mit dem hohen Benzinpreis und anderen Wehwehchen versöhnen. Angesichts der schwierigen Lage in Paris und der möglichen Kürze des Zeitfensters sollte man annehmen, dass in den einschlägigen Ministerien in Berlin mit Hochdruck gearbeitet wird, um Macrons Visionen für Europa mit deutscher Hilfe bestmöglich und schnell zu verwirklichen.

   Doch leider ist das Gegenteil der Fall. Kanzlerin Merkel und Vizekanzler Scholz ergehen sich in warmen Worten, sind ach! so europäisch gesinnt, aber in der Realität stehen sie auf dem Schlauch.

   Ohne deutsche Unterstützung wird Frankreichs Bemühen, eine europäische Digitalsteuer einzuführen, ad calendas graecas vertagt. Berlin hat Angst, Körperschaftsteuer-Aufkommen zu verlieren und fürchtet sich in vorauseilendem Gehorsam vor amerikanischen Vergeltungsmassnahmen, da ja in erster Linie US-Konzerne von der Steuer betroffen wären.

   Auch Macrons wichtige Vorschläge in Richtung auf das alte Projekt einer europäischen Wirtschaftsregierung --nämlich die Eurozone mit einem eigenen Budget auszustatten und einen europäischen Finanzminister zu etablieren -- werden in Berlin nicht unterstützt. Selbst die deutsche Lieblingsidee, den europäischen Stabilitätsmechanismus ESM zu einem Europäischen Währungsfonds auszubauen, wird zwar von deutscher Seite konkretisiert, doch die von Berlin angedachten Kreditbedingungen sind so hart, dass sich derzeit kaum ein Land dafür qualifiziert, und schon gar kein notleidendes.

   Macrons Vorschläge würden auch bei voller Unterstützung Deutschlands auf viel Ablehnung unter den europäischen Regierungen treffen. Nur durch den Austritt Grossbritanniens dank Brexit ist Europa überhaupt in der Lage, solche Vorschläge zu erwägen. Sollte der Brexit scheitern und Grossbritannien Mitglied bleiben, würde jede Reformidee sowieso Makulatur werden.

   Wie auch immer Macrons Vorschläge im Einzelnen abgehandelt werden: betrüblich ist, dass die Franzosen in Berlin mit Worten abgespeist werden. Man sollte meinen, dass das Brexit-Getöse die beiden grossen Länder enger zusammen geführt hat, doch es bleibt bei wohlfeilen Solidaritäts-Beteuerungen. Diesmal ist Berlin der Bremser: es könnte auch einmal anders kommen: dass Deutschland Reformen will und Paris abwinkt.

   Deutschland war einmal ein Motor Europas. Es gab das Deutschland der Adenauers und der Kohls. Wo ist es geblieben?

   Als das Land wiedervereinigt wurde, zog die Hauptstadt von Bonn nach Berlin um. Viele fanden das bedenklich, fürchteten den genius loci, die Wiedergeburt des Grossmacht-Gehabes und des Nationalismus. Es ist an der Zeit, darüber nachzudenken, ob wir nicht schon in diese Falle geraten sind.

   Adenauer und Kohl waren West- und Süddeutsche. Heute regiert in Berlin Nord- und Ostdeutschland. Fehlt den Nordlichtern das Gefühl für die Gemeinsamkeit mit Frankreich, mit den lateinischen Nachbarn? Man mag über Helmut Kohl denken wie man will, aber er wäre wahrscheinlich ein besserer Partner Frankreichs in der heutigen Konstellation. Er würde dieser Koalition der Erbsenzähler (oder auf alt-preussisch: der Korinthenkacker) in Berlin ein klares Ja zu Macron abringen. Er würde das Zeitfenster als solches erkennen, wie er es ja auch 1989/90 erkannt hat.

   Vielleicht ist das Erbe Kohls nicht ganz vergessen. Die Dame mit dem komplizierten Namen kommt aus einem Bundesland, das eine gemeinsame Geschichte mit Frankreich hat, in dem es sogar ein Dorf namens Beaumarais gibt. Aber auch das Münsterland und das Sauerland sind nicht weit von Frankreich entfernt. Für Macron und Europa kommt das vermutlich zu spät.

 

Heinrich von Loesch

   Während Europa über den Migrations- und Flüchtlingspakt streitet, während das deutsche und das übergreifende europäische Asylrecht in Frage gestellt werden, vollzieht sich ein langsamer aber stetiger Wandel in der Zusammensetzung der Flüchtlingsströme aus dem arabisch-asiatischen Raum.

   Aus dem Irak kamen zunächst vor allem Sunniten, die vor der neuen schiitischen Staatsmacht und ihren Milizen flohen. Dazu kamen später potentielle Opfer der Brutalität des Islamischen Staats. Aus Syrien flohen zunächst Assad-Anhänger, die sich vor den Aufständischen fürchteten, sowie Aufständische und ihre Anhänger, die vor Assads Rache flohen. Aus Afghanistan, Pakistan und Bangladesch flohen vor allem Opfer islamistischer Bedrohung durch Taliban und radikale Sekten.

   Doch im Lauf der Jahre hat sich die Komposition der Flüchtlingsströme geändert. Mehr als ein Jahrzehnt lang hat der Aufstieg des militanten Islamismus die Agenda im Mittleren Osten und in Europa beherrscht. Aufstände, Umsturzversuche und Terror in ungekannter Grössenordnung zwangen Staaten und Bürger, sich mit dem Phänomen des politischen Islams in seiner vielfaltigen Ausprägung zu befassen. Die Öffentlichkeit der betroffenen Länder reagierte mit Erstaunen, mit Ärgerlichkeit und auch mit Hass und Gewalt auf die Störer.

   In Europa haben sich im Laufe der Jahre und im Gefolge der Attentate die Staaten eine politische, juristische und polizeiliche Maschinerie zur Kontrolle des militanten Islamismus zugelegt, deren Wirksamkeit and rechtliche Grundlage allerdings oft bezweifelt werden.

   Auch die islamisch geprägten Staaten haben sich Abwehrmechanismen gegen lokal unerwünschte Formen des Islamismus geschaffen. In Syrien, Ägypten, Saudi-Arabien und den Emiraten wird die Moslem-Bruderschaft abgelehnt und verfolgt. In der Türkei wird die Bruderschaft akzeptiert und man verfolgt -- oft halbherzig -- die ihr feindlich gesinnten Sekten, beispielsweise Wahhabiten, Schiiten und Salafiten. Iran verfolgt Baha'i und Sunniten. Afghanistan und Pakistan verfolgen Schiiten.

   Der Fall Khashoggi illustriert die Lage: der wahhabitische Kronprinz Mohamed bin Salman befiehlt die Tötung des Moslembruders Khashoggi; der den Moslembrüdern nahestehende türkische Präsident Erdogan nimmt wirkungsvoll Rache, indem er den Saudi-Fürsten international an den Pranger stellt.

   Diese Entwicklung in den islamischen Staaten stellt die Weichen für die Flüchtlingsströme der Zukunft. Syrien schickt sich an, das erste Islamisten-freie arabische Land zu werden. Wo Assad herrscht sind die Islamisten entweder geflohen oder vertrieben, ermordet oder eingesperrt.

   Während Syriens Präsident Assad nominell Chef einer laizistischen Partei ist, gibt sich Ägyptens Präsident al-Sisi als frommer Sunnit. Da die Moslembrüder am Nil offiziell als Terroristen gelten und jeder Islamist als Moslembruder verdächtigt werden kann, ist das Ergebnis nicht viel anders als in Syrien. Als Islamist lebt man in Ägypten entweder in Deckung oder in Haft.

   Am Golf darf man vieles sein, nur kein Moslembruder, siehe Fall Khashoggi. In Jordanien ist das Königshaus seit Jahrzehnten im Kampf mit der palästinensischen Bevölkerungsmehrheit begriffen und fürchtet den Einfluss der radikal-islamischen Hamas, die in Gaza dominiert. Dass Israel die Palästinenser in der West Bank, dem alten Cisjordanien, beherrscht, ist Amman durchaus recht. Nach Wiedervereinigung des alten Jordaniens strebt die Monarchie nicht.

   Für Europa bedeutet die Entwicklung, dass der Kontinent im Norden den Islamisten unterschiedlicher Couleur Zuflucht bietet. Je mehr die islamischen Länder den Spielraum der Islamisten beschneiden, desto stärker wird deren Drang oder ihre Not zu fliehen, entweder in ein weniger repressives Nachbarland oder gleich nach Europa. Europa aber schottet sich zunehmend wirksam gegen illegale Einwanderung ab; legale Einwanderung ist schwierig: wer sich mit einem schwarzen Vollbart oder einem Hijab in einem deutschen Konsulat präsentiert, darf sich nicht wundern, wenn er oder sie kein Visum erhält.

   Was Abschiebung von Flüchtlingen anlangt  -- auch Rückführung genannt --, muss Europa bewusst werden, dass dies schwieriger wird. Bezeichnend ist das Schicksal vieler der ersten, unvorsichtigen Rückkehrer nach Syrien: Verhaftung, Verhöre, Enteignung, Folter, Tod.  Dass sich dies herumspricht, kann dem Regime in Damaskus nur recht sein: die Islamisten und Assad-Gegner sollen in Europa bleiben. Ähnlich Tunesien: das Land leidet unter der Heimkehr tausender Kämpfer des Islamischen Staats aus Syrien und Irak -- da will man nicht auch noch die Rückkehr von Islamisten und Kriminellen aus Europa.

   Europa sollte zur Kenntnis nehmen, dass viele Flüchtlinge aus mittelöstlichen Ländern nicht heimkehren wollen und nicht repatriiert werden können, und daher als Einwanderer gelten müssten, die bevorzugt zu integrieren sind. Dass dies vor allem religiös besonders engagierte Gruppen betrifft, macht die Sache allerdings nicht leichter und ungefährlicher.

Ihsan al-Tawil