L’Italia è rientrata nel ristretto gruppo dei paesi creditori verso l’estero. Pur con la pandemia, migliora la nostra posizione creditoria e, dunque, la stabilità finanziaria. Il programma di acquisti della Bce ha favorito le attività di imprese e famiglie.

Attività sull’estero superiori alle passività

    Nell’ultimo rapporto sui conti esteri della nostra economica, la Banca d’Italia ha certificato un’importante novità: “Alla fine di settembre 2020 la posizione netta sull’estero dell’Italia era marginalmente creditoria per 3,1 miliardi di euro (0,2 per cento del Pil), dopo oltre 30 anni di continui saldi negativi. Il miglioramento rispetto alla fine di giugno, pari a 31,7 miliardi, è dovuto per oltre tre quarti al surplus di conto corrente”.

    Per la prima volta dalla metà degli anni Ottanta l’Italia è ritornata ad avere attività sull’estero superiori alle passività. Un risultato che è frutto di quel sentiero stretto, volto al raggiungimento di una maggiore stabilità finanziaria, che la nostra economia ha imboccato in risposta alla cosiddetta crisi dello spread. Infatti, anche se la posizione debitoria sull’estero dell’Italia non ha mai raggiunto o superato il 35 per cento del Pil fissato dalla Commissione europea come limite per lo squilibrio macroeconomico, la stessa Commissione dovette rilevare che “gli sviluppi verificatisi in Italia nel 2011-2012 dimostrano che anche una posizione patrimoniale netta sull’estero lievemente negativa può rendere un paese vulnerabile a un’inversione dell’afflusso di capitali esteri, con ricadute negative per l’economia”. Questo a conferma della tesi che vede i paesi con una posizione netta sull’estero (Pne) negativa più frequentemente sottoposti alla perdita di fiducia dei mercati, con conseguenti fenomeni di sudden stop dei flussi di capitali, default o ristrutturazione del debito estero e ricorso all’assistenza finanziaria di organismi internazionali (Fmi, Banca Mondiale o Mes).

    Per capire come l’economia italiana sia riuscita a ritornare in attivo sull’estero, occorre guardare ai flussi delle partite correnti e del conto capitale cumulati in questi anni. Al netto degli aggiustamenti di valutazione, la variazione della Pne all’interno di un determinato arco temporale è pari al saldo di partite correnti e conto capitale registrato nello stesso periodo.

Figura 1 – Determinanti della variazione della posizione patrimoniale netta sull’estero dell’Italia dal 1 trimestre 2014 al 3 trimestre 2020. Dati in miliardi di euro.

Fonte: dati Banca d’Italia

La ripartizione tra settori

    Come si nota dalla figura 1, il contributo maggiore al miglioramento della Pne è legato al commercio dei beni. La debole domanda interna di questi anni ha compresso le importazioni portandole ben sotto il livello delle esportazioni. Il conto “Merci” della bilancia dei pagamenti ha registrato dal 2014 al terzo trimestre 2020 un surplus di circa 357 miliardi di euro.

    Un altro importante contributo positivo è stato offerto dal conto “Redditi primari”. Per un paese debitore netto e che non ha capacità da centro finanziario globale ci si aspetterebbe che i redditi primari siano negativi, che paghi all’estero più interessi e dividendi rispetto a quelli che riceve. Invece l’Italia, grazie principalmente alla riduzione dei tassi d’interesse conseguente alle politiche espansive della Banca centrale europea, ormai da 4 anni ha raggiunto il surplus in questa voce, che nel 2020 supera i 20 miliardi di euro.

    Il conto “Servizi”, dove confluiscono anche i flussi legati al turismo, e i “Redditi secondari”, legati per la gran parte alle rimesse e ai trasferimenti netti alla Ue, hanno invece offerto un contributo negativo. Infine, grazie a circa 127 miliardi di miglioramento nelle valutazioni delle attività estere o diminuzione di valore delle passività, si è raggiunta una posizione patrimoniale netta sull’estero positiva.

    Essa però non è ripartita in modo uniforme tra i vari macro-settori dell’economia italiana.

I settori istituzionali pubblici – stato e banca centrale – continuano ad avere una posizione netta abbondantemente negativa. Anche le banche registrano ancora una posizione debitoria, pur essendo notevolmente migliorata rispetto ai circa 260 miliardi del 2014 e ai 400 miliardi raggiunti durante gli anni della crisi dello spread.

    Gli altri settori, costituiti da imprese non bancarie e famiglie, dal 2014 ad oggi hanno invece quasi raddoppiato le proprie attività nette sull’estero, che son passate dai 546 miliardi di inizio 2014 ai 1.087 miliardi del terzo trimestre 2020. In questi anni cioè gli italiani hanno continuato ad acquisire attività nette all’estero, favoriti anche dal programma di acquisti della Bce, che ha liberato liquidità aggiuntiva per esser investita in titoli e fondi esteri.

    Le ultime previsioni macroeconomiche, pur ipotizzando che lo stimolo fiscale varato per fronteggiare gli effetti della pandemia determini una ripresa della domanda interna e quindi delle importazioni, vedono ancora stabile al 3 per cento del Pil il surplus di partite correnti dell’economia italiana. Le maggiori importazioni dovrebbero esser infatti bilanciate da una analoga dinamica favorevole dell’export, dalla ripresa dei flussi turistici e da un saldo attivo nei trasferimenti con la Ue in conseguenza del Recovery Fund. La posizione creditoria dell’Italia e quindi la sua stabilità finanziaria è destinata a migliorare. Rimangono punti di debolezza legati al settore pubblico, strutturalmente in debito verso l’estero, e alle banche che ancora non hanno recuperato una Pne positiva. Preoccupa di meno la posizione della Banca d’Italia, peggiorata in modo considerevole in questi ultimi 10 anni, ma dovuta esclusivamente al saldo verso l’eurosistema Target2. Un saldo che è conseguenza delle decisioni di politica monetaria della Bce e che, come ripetuto in una serie di occasioni, dovrà essere regolato solo nella remota ipotesi in cui un paese decida di abbandonare la moneta unica.

    Anche se sono lontani i valori raggiunti dai grandi paesi manifatturieri (Cina, Germania, Giappone), l’Italia è ritornata nel 2020 a far parte dei paesi creditori verso l’estero, un “club” che fino al trimestre scorso contava solo otto paesi dell’Unione europea e nessuno dei cosiddetti periferici.

Francesco Lenzi -- LaVoce.info

In Turkey, the Erdogan government continues to persecute the followers of Fethullah Gülen, a preacher who fell out with his former ally Recep Tayyip Erdogan. In order to track down hidden Gülenists, Erdogan's police appears very creative, as discussed in Turkish Minute, an opposition webzine published outside Turkey, probably by the Gülen movement.

 

   “Who introduced you to your spouse?” is one of the questions routinely asked during the interrogation of people detained as part of investigations into the Gülen movement in Turkey. This seemingly odd question about private life is connected to the mass incarceration of thousands of people in the country. A police operation on the morning of Jan. 26 that led to the detention of 19 upon warrants issued by Ankara prosecutors was just one example.

   The detainees are charged with forming the “marriage network” of the Gülen group, which is accused by the Turkish government of orchestrating a failed coup in July 2016 despite its denial of any involvement. According to the prosecutors, the suspects taken into custody were involved in efforts to help single Gülen movement followers get married.

   “In the framework of investigations into FETÖ’s current marriage network, detention warrants have been issued in Ankara for 19 suspects across 13 provinces who have been identified in informant testimonies as being affiliated with the FETÖ/PDY,” the Ankara Chief Prosecutor’s Office said in a written statement, using the derogatory terminology that the Turkish government and authorities have adopted to refer to the group.

Intel criteria for identifying Gülen followers

   Family is also one of the fields that the National Intelligence Organization (MİT) looks into as part of their efforts to uncover members of the faith-based group. Having a handicapped child is also one of MİT’s criteria as Gülen followers often choose not to abort their handicapped babies out of religious considerations.

   Another criterion is how the spouses met each other. If the couple was introduced to each other with the help of a Gülen follower, the entire family is identified as such.

   Coming from a modest socioeconomic background and climbing up in society is also one of the criteria. For instance, high-ranking civil servants or military officers who grew up in rural areas and in families without other high-level bureaucrats are also suspected.

   Getting an education abroad and speaking foreign languages are also listed as criteria as many Gülen followers, particularly those in public service, have gone abroad for education at some point in their lives and their linguistic skills are often above the national average.

   Among the many criteria, those who fulfill at least three are usually identified as suspected Gülen movement members and referred by prosecutors to courts for arrest.

Police registering stories of marriage

   According to Interior Ministry data, some 550,000 people in Turkey have been the subject of Gülen-related investigations, and about 170,000 have thus far been arrested for varying periods of time. Some 30,000 are currently held behind bars, and thousands of cases are still pending before courts.

Cevheri Güven -- Turkish Minute

 

all photos by Giorgi Lomsadze (all photos by Giorgi Lomsadze)

    Since 2016, Georgians have been observing the surreal spectacle of some of the nation’s most impressive trees departing their longtime homes in forests and gardens and traveling by barge to a park on the Black Sea coast. Two hundred eucalyptuses, liriodendrons, cypresses, magnolias – all towering, centennial giants – have sailed to their new home as if drawn magnetically.

   The Pied Piper in this case is the country’s richest and most powerful man, Bidzina Ivanishvili, and the park is his idiosyncratic creation. Ivanishvili has spent millions of his own dollars, overseen feats of logistical engineering and bulldozed over environmental activists’ protests to create this shrine to his passion: giant trees.

    Now the park has finally opened, and Georgians have been flocking to check out the much-hyped arcadia.

    On weekends, long and chaotic queues have been forming outside the site, formally known as the Shekvetili Dendrological Park, about an hour north of Batumi. Under the baking sun, police engage in shouting matches with drivers, who in their search for parking are bottling up traffic on the nation’s main East-West highway. Passing drivers making their way through the snarl honk and curse fiercely.

    Pro-government television broadcasts have been stoking the craze, running reports about “yet another gift to the planet” from Ivanishvili, the chairman of the ruling Georgian Dream party. In the two weeks after its opening on July 15, the park reportedly received as many as 250,000 visitors.

    Inside, the opening scenes from Jurassic Park come to mind. Crowds pass through a sun-dappled alley, lined with bright green thujas, and emerge at a large, open-air aviary, encased in an electric fence and partly covered by nets. Giant pelicans stare on mistrustfully from behind the chain link while grey crowned cranes chase one another, shrieking angrily. The park’s avian pièce de résistance, a flamboyance of pink flamingos, can be seen at a distance, in the middle of a lake.

    The park has quickly emerged as the top Instagram spot for locals. Young women in cocktail dresses pose: lips pouted, hair to one side, one knee cocked. Couples snap selfies hugging in the bamboo groves, and children demand to be photographed with the lemurs and parrots.

   The raison d'être giant trees are held in place with massive ropes, as if to prevent them from escaping. Guards shoo people away from the trees and off the lawns, herding the unruly crowds back on to the walkways. “It’s so Ray Bradbury: Don’t step off the path or something terrible happens,” one visitor joked.

Photo 3

“I felt like I sold a family member”

    On a recent visit by Eurasianet, two children went running up to one tree with glossy, myrtle green leaves. “Daddy, daddy, we found it!” they shouted. Their parents went up for a closer inspection. “No, ours was much larger,” the mother concluded.

    “Ivanishvili took our tree and we are trying to find it,” the father, a portly, kind-eyed 40-something told Eurasianet. He identified himself as Gocha, but declined to give his real name or the name of his village, saying that he feared jeopardizing the terms of the agreement he had signed with Ivanishvili’s people for selling a centennial magnolia from his yard for the park.

    His two kids ran ahead, continuing their search. Gocha trailed behind, sweating profusely. Like many men at the park, he had his shirt rolled up to expose his belly in an effort to beat the heat. “My great grandfather planted that magnolia and I sold it for cash. What kind of a man am I after this?“ Gocha asked with a guilty smile. “But I did it for them, to buy them clothes and textbooks,” he added pointing at his kids. “I had to fix the roof and she wanted a new laundry machine,” he said, pointing at his wife.

    “As always, everything is my fault,” the wife retorted. She plodded ahead in a red floral dress holding a toddler, occasionally turning around to warn her husband to not share too much information with a journalist: “If you keep on blabbering, they will take it all back and we won’t have the money or the tree.”

    Gocha explained that, shortly after the deal was signed, a convoy of heavy machinery roared to his home to collect the purchase. The whole village turned out to watch the excavators, cranes and men coax the tree and its massive root ball out of the ground and on to a heavy truck. Electric wires had to be brought down to make way for the tree. Finally the magnolia clambered away, leaving a large hole in the ground and in Gocha’s heart: “I felt like I sold a family member,” he said.

Photo 2

The environmental impact

    Phantasmagoric scenes of giant trees on the move have played out across the country over the last few years, inspiring many internet memes, art works and jokes. There is a documentary in production.

    Environmental activists have criticized the mass uprooting operation that has transformed several once sylvan spots along the shore into lunar landscapes, muddy messes riddled with craters. In some places, entire groves were destroyed in order to get at a single tree.

    “The biggest environmental issue here is the destruction of the topsoil and the landscape,” said Irakli Macharashvili, a conservationist with the environmental advocacy organization Green Alternative. “The uprooting leaves behind environmental devastation, like massive holes in the ground and missing layers of soil,” he said. “Restoring the environment requires numerous measures, and even then, a full restoration is not possible.

    Nearly every stage of the replanting process has created some damage to the environment and some disruption to public life. New roads and piers had to be built to help shunt the trees onto barges. Highway traffic and trains were held up and railway catenary pulled down to allow the trees to pass. In April, the park’s contractor widened a river to make room for a massive barge that collected twin 100-year-old plane trees from the village of Kariati and ferried the giants seven miles downstream to the sea shore.

    But in Georgia, little can stand in Ivanishvili’s way. Critics say he is moving around the trees like he personally shuffles prime ministers and presidents.

    Construction carried on this year even as “non-essential” business activities were shut down because of the coronavirus outbreak. Environmental activists say that government agencies have bowed to Ivanishvili’s will, skirting the laws and allowing the tree-moving process to bypass required mitigation procedures. In 2016, the then minister of environment Gigla Abulashvili said that in the whole process, his only concern was to make sure that “a tree that lived in point A continues to live in point B.”

    The park’s management claim that the entire operation has followed the law and that all resulting damage to the environment has been mitigated, but many remain skeptical. The contractor was fined for the river-widening episode, but only after months of critical reports on opposition television and repeated inquiries from Green Alternative. And in the end, the fine amounted to $570, which Macharashvili says will hardly deter future violations and does nothing to repair the damage.

    “At this point, it is hardly possible to evaluate the full environmental impact that the mass uprooting has left,” he said. “Each and every site of uprooting and every single government-issued permit needs to be examined.”

Photo 1

    Some of the park’s visitors said the ends justified the means, even if they were legally and environmentally questionable. “Ivanishvili took nothing and turned into it a beautiful park, for all of us to enjoy but all we do is complain,” one man responded, brusquely, to a question from Eurasianet. “He is helping everyone, but we Georgians are ungrateful and unappreciative people, and you journalists should find a real problem to cover.”

    Ivanishvili’s opponents argue that the billionaire’s well-publicized philanthropy effectively amounts to voter bribery and that making the park available to the public free of charge is a campaign stunt. Ivanishvili’s party, the Georgian Dream, faces a parliamentary election in October and Ivanishvili has not been shy in the past about using his vast wealth to gain good will with voters.

    “You can do anything when you have a lot of money and you live in a poor country,” Gocha, said, assuming a philosophical air. “That tree gave us joy, shade and good memories, and I sold it to buy things. I guess people will sell anything for the right price.” (Originally published by EurasiaNet.org)

Giorgi Lomsadze -- eurasianet

Mit der Veröffentlichung einer ausführlichen Dokumentation eines Präsident Wladimir Putin zugeschriebenen Prunkpalasts im Zarenstil am Schwarzen Meer hat der inhaftierte Oppositionsführer Alexeij Nawalnij Demonstrationen seiner Anhänger in ganz Russland ausgelöst. Aber: gehört der Palast wirklich Putin?

    Einen besseren Zeugen kann sich Nawalnij nicht wünschen. In einem langen Interview mit der italienischen Huffpost hat Lanfranco Cirillo,  der italienische Architekt und Innendekorateur des Megapalasts am Schwarzen Meer erklärt, er habe Präsident Putin niemals getroffen, habe nie mit ihm zu tun gehabt. Alles sei von einer Firma in Moskau bestellt und bezahlt worden – Millionen-Aufträge für italienische Firmen, wie Cirillo stolz betont. Alles legal!

    Nur am Schluss des Gesprächs wird es persönlich. Auf Frage des Interviewers bestätigt Cirillo, dass er neben der italienischen auch die russische Staatsbürgerschaft besitzt: “Un onore concessomi dal presidente Putin”.  Eine Ehrung, die mir Präsident Putin gewährt hat !

-- ed

 

    Si la pandémie de Covid-19 a braqué les projecteurs sur les établissements d’hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes (Ehpad), elle a paradoxalement rejeté dans l’ombre une question longtemps considérée comme cruciale : celle du nombre d’Ehpad nécessaire pour anticiper sur le vieillissement de la population.

    Autant le dire d’emblée : nous ne pensons pas que la priorité consiste à s’interroger sur la création de nouveaux Ehpad. C’est pourtant la question que se posent les services dédiés à la prise en charge des personnes âgées, comme en témoigne un article publié ici en février dernier.

   A priori, le raisonnement semble cohérent. Demain, le nombre de personnes âgées – notamment celles qui sont en perte d’autonomie – va considérablement augmenter : d’après les projections de l’Insee, la France hors Mayotte compterait 4 millions de seniors en perte d’autonomie en 2050, soit 16,4 % des seniors. Or la hausse du nombre d’Ehpad étant limitée par les normes réglementaires et budgétaires, on peut craindre qu’elle ne puisse pas répondre aux besoins…

    Autre argument avancé pour pointer du doigt l’inadéquation entre l’offre et la demande : au vu du coût mensuel d’hébergement dans un établissement pouvant les accueillir et du montant moyen des retraites, bon nombre de personnes âgées n’auraient pas les moyens d’y demeurer. Outre un engagement visant à faciliter l’augmentation du nombre d’Ehpad, d’aucuns soulignent ainsi la nécessité de renforcer la solvabilité des futurs résidents, grâce une réforme de la prise en charge de la dépendance.

La France, en tête des taux d’institutionnalisation

    La logique d’un tel raisonnement parait implacable. Pourtant, tous les pays ont réorienté leur politique vieillesse vers le maintien à domicile depuis au moins deux décennies. Et le phénomène est encore plus visible en Europe du Nord, où le taux d’institutionnalisation qui était traditionnellement plus élevé est désormais moins élevé qu’en France : il est estimé à 8 % en Finlande, 11 % au Danemark, ou 14 % en Suède, contre 21 % dans notre pays.

    Décider de créer de nouveaux Ehpad n’est donc pas la simple résultante d’une adéquation mécanique entre une offre malthusienne et une demande exponentielle : c’est un choix politique. Du reste, avec plus de 90 000 places créées depuis 2007, on constate que la France a jusqu’ici fait le choix d’encourager le développement des Ehpad. Mais nous voudrions surtout souligner deux erreurs majeures dans le raisonnement que nous venons de présenter.

Une minorité de personnes âgées en Ehpad

   Tout d’abord, contrairement à l’un des postulats de départ, la majorité de personnes âgées, notamment celles qui sont en perte d’autonomie, ne réside pas en Ehpad.

   Globalement, seules 5,8 % des personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus sont hébergées dans un établissement d’hébergement. Et au-delà de 85 ans, ce pourcentage ne s’élève qu’à 21 %. Et même en ne tenant compte que des personnes dépendantes bénéficiaires de l’APA (Allocation Personnalisée d’Autonomie), le taux d’institutionnalisation ne dépasse pas les 41 %.

   En d’autres termes, l’Ehpad n’est manifestement pas la seule réponse face au besoin d’accompagnement du grand âge. Et l’on peut supposer que si une majorité de personnes âgées dépendantes continuent de vieillir chez elles, ce n’est pas seulement parce que le coût des Ehpad est trop élevé. Elles préfèrent peut-être demeurer où elles ont toujours vécu, disposant d’un réseau professionnel et familial suffisant pour qu’un tel maintien à domicile soit jugé pertinent.

Des choix pouvant évoluer

   L’autre erreur, de notre point de vue, tient dans la manière d’anticiper les besoins pour les 10, 20 ou 30 années à venir.

   En effet, la plupart des projections s’appuient sur le ratio « nombre de personnes âgées dépendantes/nombre de places en Ehpad » existant à ce jour. Or il est peu probable qu’un tel rapport reste constant dans le temps.

   D’une part, car ces quinze dernières années, l’accroissement du nombre de personnes âgées résidant en établissement s’est révélé moins important que celui observé en population générale.

D’autre part, car rien ne permet d’affirmer que les personnes âgées feront demain les mêmes choix qu’aujourd’hui : qui dit que la proportion d’entre elles souhaitant résider en Ehpad sera similaire à ce qu’elle est actuellement ?

Une erreur méthodologique

   En réalité, l’erreur d’analyse en matière d’adéquation entre l’offre et la demande repose en partie sur une erreur méthodologique qui est malheureusement très répandue dans le secteur médico-social.

   Un exercice de prospective ne peut se contenter de reposer sur des indicateurs quantitatifs, qui font abstraction du vécu et du ressenti des principaux concernés. Car lorsqu’une personne âgée réside en Ehpad, cet hébergement ne répond pas nécessairement à ses attentes. Et si elle demeure à son domicile, elle n’en est pas forcément satisfaite : elle ferait peut-être un autre choix si une solution plus adaptée lui était accessible.

   En clair, peut-on réfléchir sur une offre d’Ehpad souhaitable sans interroger « la demande » elle-même ? L’analyse des besoins se limite souvent à leur objectivation par le biais d’indicateurs extérieurs préétablis. Or cette démarche donne l’illusion de constituer une aide « scientifique » à la décision. Mais elle est déconnectée d’une réalité sociale par ailleurs susceptible d’évoluer. Sans compter qu’elle peut limiter le champ des possibles en matière d’accompagnement des seniors.

Plusieurs alternatives

   Comme en témoigne le rapport Libault, les personnes âgées aspirent à préserver leur indépendance et leur liberté, malgré la survenue de limitations physiques ou psychiques. Voilà sans doute qui explique pourquoi les pouvoirs publics ont décidé de soutenir la création d’habitats inclusifs par le biais d’une allocation dédiée.


À lire aussi : Les habitats alternatifs à la maison de retraite se multiplient en France


   Si dans l’opinion publique l’Ehpad constitue une réponse bien identifiée au problème d’accompagnement des personnes âgées, ce n’est donc pas la seule solution envisagée : il existe plusieurs alternatives, depuis l’accueil familial jusqu’à l’habitat groupé, en passant par l’accueil temporaire et bien sûr le soutien à domicile

Au-delà de la « moyenne »

   Autre effet pervers des méthodes quantitatives : elles poussent à raisonner en termes de « moyennes ». Pour décider de la réponse à apporter à un problème particulier – ici l’accompagnement des personnes âgées – on va ainsi s’intéresser à la demande « moyenne », et donc considérer que les besoins sont identiques dans le Nord ou le Sud de la France, en zone urbaine ou rurale, etc.

   Pourtant, dès que l’on s’intéresse à la manière dont les personnes vieillissent, on s’aperçoit que les dynamiques territoriales engendrent différentes formes d’adéquation entre l’offre et la demande.

   Ainsi, les taux de seniors en institution sont plus faibles dans les départements d’outre-mer et en Corse (respectivement 3,1 % et 4,6 % des seniors de 75 ans ou plus), où l’offre de places en institution est plus faible. Mais ce n’est pas nécessairement le résultat d’une « pénurie » : cela peut aussi témoigner d’autres choix face au vieillissement. Sinon, comment expliquer qu’à l’inverse, les Pays de Loire présentent un taux d’institutionnalisation de plus de 12 %, alors que la part des personnes en perte d’autonomie y est plus faible qu’ailleurs ?

Mieux cerner les aspirations

   Tout exercice de projection se révèle complexe, et nous pensons qu’il ne faut pas se contenter de quelques ratios faisant faussement autorité.

   A l’horizon de plusieurs décennies, bien des paramètres sont en effet amenés à évoluer dans un sens difficilement prévisible : c’est notamment le cas de l’espérance de vie sans incapacités, de la possible mobilisation d’aidants familiaux, de la densité de services de maintien à domicile de qualité, etc.

   Ainsi, nous pensons qu’il ne s’agit pas tant de savoir s’il faut créer de nouveaux Ehpad, mais plutôt de mieux connaître les aspirations des personnes vieillissantes en fonction de leur lieu de résidence. Car fort de ces données, les décideurs pourraient faire des choix répondant au mieux aux souhaits des personnes âgées.

 -- The Conversation